Different Leadership Styles in the Public Service

There are several different leadership styles used within the public services. Therefore there are many varied suggestions that define someone as being a strong leader. However a ‘leadership style’ is a unique style that people recognise to encourage or influence other people in a way others do not so that they admire and want to be like. A team leader’s role in the public services is to provide instruction and direction and guidance and leadership this is to help inspire and encourage the team to reach their goals and aims.They have to keep the team focused on there current task or tasks and be able to communicate within their group effectively. Team spirit needs to be kept positive so that this ensures that tasks assigned are completed on time and that the group’s standards are always kept high. The three main Leadership styles used in the public services: AuthoritarianThe Authoritarian leader makes quick, clear and precise independent decisions without a ny input. Even if there was, it wouldn’t affect the overall decision making as it needs to be decided quickly. The appropriate leader that would use the common traits of an authoritarian leader would be an officer in the army because usually they are loud and demanding. DemocraticThe democratic leader involves the whole team having an input in the decision-making. The team members can give opinions that may affect or influence the final decision. The team leader is still responsible for the final decision but after listening, taking in account all the opinions and weighing them up. The appropriate way this style can be used is in the fire service, for example, rescuing a person or people in a burning building therefore it needs more than one person to help decide the best decision. Laissez faireThe laissez faire leader more of an independent off hands approach. This style is only used if the leader has a lot of trust in the team and relies on them to get on with the task in h and with high standards and little direction. However the team has a lot more freedom to achieve because they are highly motivated and feel empowered. For example the most effective way  this style could be used is if you gave a police forensic team to go out and complete a task.Other leadership styles used in public servicesTransactionalThe transactional style of leadership is pretty straight forward but it uses rewards and punishments to motivate the team. This is a style of leadership that is similar but not as extreme as the autocratic style. The transactional styles are direct and dominant and spend a great amount of time saying what is expected from the team as a whole. The leaders monitor the work and each and everyone’s individual performance, there is also a clear chain of command. Transactional leaders are very commonly found within businesses where people are given rewards such as bonuses, training or time off if they show a good demonstration.TransformationalThe transformational style of leadership focuses on the team’s performance as a whole, it encourages everyone to think of the group as a whole and rather not just themselves. Transformational leaders aim to make their team members better people by encouraging their self-awareness, it’s all about moving forward in a team and not just several individuals in one group. An example of transformational leadership would be within the army where as a team you all have to move forward and stick together in a group ‘’never leave a man behind’’.BureaucraticThe bureaucratic style of leadership is a style of leadership that focuses on rules and procedures to manage teams and projects. This is a classic style of leadership that is used quite a lot in organisations that don’t encourage innovation and change by leaders who maybe insecure and uncertain in what their role maybe. It is defused among a number of departments or people where there is a strict set of rules. This approach to leadership is commonly used in uniformed and non-uniformed public services. Bureaucratic  leadership is common in jobs were safety and efficiency is very important. Occupations would include fire-fighters, police, nursing, and the armed forces. People orientatedPeople Orientated is slightly similar but a bit different to the task-orientated leadership. Within this style of leadership, this style focuses on participation of all the team members, clear communication, supporting and developing the individual in order to improve their skills. The members of this team inspire other people by unlocking their own potential, this style is participative and encourages good team work. As an example in the police if a woman has kids the leader would let her go home and ask others to stay behind. Task OrientatedIn this style of leadership it’s all about getting the job done. It’s all about the key of the task rather than about everyone else in the team. Their main focus is just to get the task done weather it is instructed or unstructed. This style can have many difficulties such as difficulties of the lack of motivating and the retaining the team as a whole. An example a police inspector organising crowd control at a football match may use a task-cantered approach.Comparing and Evaluating the three main styles of leadership The three main types of leadership styles are Autocratic, Democratic, and Laissez-faire. Autocratic is when the leader has complete control, and no one else gets to make decisions. Despite that they get many tasks completed, morale is low. Democratic is considered to be the best. Everyone has a voice on how things are done. People who are then the leader have better morale, and get better quality of work done. Laissez Faire is when the leader plays no role in completing objectives. Very little is achieved under a Laissez Faire rule. If a civilian was trapped inside a vehicle after an accident collision th e fire brigade would be called to assist within the accident.The type of leadership style I would use in this scenario would be the democratic approach, my reasons for this are that the team need time to consider the best possible option/decision to bring about the best result. In my opinion I would not use the Autocratic approach as this is where a leader needs to  think and act fast without no input from their team. In this situation thinking and acting fast might not bring about the best result as you need to consider if the victim trapped in the vehicle has any injuries that might affect his removal from the vehicle, or any problems with the vehicle it’s self such as a dangerous leak that could potentially cause an explosion or a fire.

Disadvantages of Democracy Essay

In a democratic nation, it is the citizens who hold the right to elect their representatives and their governing authorities. According to a common observation, not all the citizens are fully aware of the political scenario in their country. The common masses may not be aware of the political issues in society. This may result in people making the wrong choices during election. As the government is subject to change after every election term, the authorities may work with a short-term focus. As they have to face an election after the completion of each term, they may lose focus on working for the people and rather focus on winning elections. Another disadvantage of democracy is that mobs can influence people. Citizens may vote in favor of a party under the influence of the majority. Compelled or influenced by the philosophies of those around, a person may not voice his/her true opinion. Every form of government is bound to have some shortfalls. Different people have different views about the various political systems. The advantages and disadvantages of any political system have to be weighed carefully in order to arrive at any conclusion. Why democracy A functioning democracy is the form of government that provides its citizens with the most freedom, the most opportunity, the greatest prosperity, and the most comfortable life. It is also the most stable form and by far the most fun. In a democracy you can choose precisely the religion that is most meaningful to you, and you can choose your spouse and your education. You can listen to any kind of music, and you are free to watch any movie and read any book that you like. You can move around freely and you do not have to ask anybody for permission to do so. You can also choose freely what kind of clothes you wish to wear. If you belong to a minority, you are protected against assault and infringement, and you have exactly the same right to go into politics and influence society as anybody else. If you are a woman, you have by law the same rights and opportunities as a man. Your father, your brothers, your cousins, your uncles, or your husband have no right to rule over you. You have the same right to education, training, and work, and you have the same opportunity for a free and a great life as boys and men have. You also have the legal right to make decisions regarding your body and to say â€Å"no† to sex if you do not desire it, even in marriage. You and all others are equal before the law, you have the right within legal limits to say and write what you want short of slander and libel, and you can meet freely with anybody. You can live without fear of the authorities. The same goes for your children and your extended family. In plain words: Democracy gives you the right to liberty, equality of opportunity, and safety, and the opportunity to earn and keep your own money and to have fun. The desire for freedom and security is in every one of us, and so is the need to have fun. Without those three things, we cannot live a happy and meaningful life. The need for equality of opportunity is a little more problematic than the other needs, since many of us would like to be a little better off than our fellows. But equality of opportunity is a prerequisite for democracy too, and it is worthwhile, as it helps to guarantee freedom, safety and fun. Therefore, democracy is not only important, it is vital! Simply because we’re all human, we all deserve to live in a democracy that works. Why democracy is better than other form of gov. Democracy is the best form of government because 1. Democracy represents the views and notions of all the citizens of the country, whether majorities or minorities. 2. It helps in solving conflicts and quarrels in a better way. 3. It provides a dignity to the people. 4. It helps in realising one’s mistakes and improving upon them. 5. There is no other form of government or an lternative better than a democracy. DEMOCRACY is the best form of govt.  Yes democracy is the best form of govt. It grants us many things. 1.Right to speech. 2.Right to information. 3.Right to vote and etc. It represents each and every citizen equally whether you are poor or you are rich. In a monarchy or dictatorship no one can say or present their point of view. They have to follow what a single man says but in democracy we have been granted by RIGHT TO SPEECH. Report Post Yes democracy is the best form of government. Democracy is the best form of government simply because no other form of government is known to work well. Democracy may have it’s flaws but all in all it works very fluidly. Socialism, for example, does not even come close to the best form of government. One can easily see this in Greece’s current state. Democracy has never led to complete government disorder like one can see Socialism does. Democracy is the best form of government As democracy means rule of people †¦ That is of the people for the people and by the people. Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives. Democracy is the best form of government simply because no other form of government is known to work well. Democracy may have its flaws but all in all it works very fluidly. Some plus points of having a democratic form of government:- 1. Freedom 2. Democracy represents the views and notions of all the citizens of the  country, whether majorities or minorities. 3. It helps in solving conflicts and quarrels in a better way. 4. It provides a dignity to the people. 5. Democracy allows various people to rule the country through the representatives. 6. It also allows people to express themselves clearly and freely. 7. It Respects & promotes Human Rights 8. In this form of government all people are equal before the law. 9. Democracy is the only form of government where the people can voice their opinion. 10. In my view there is no other alternative form of government better than a democracy.

Background of Daoism and Confucianism in China and its Influences

Confucianism has been very essential in the preservation of the Chinese civilization. It is embodied by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius, supported by the followers until the modern ages. The Neo-Confucianists of the Sung and the Ming periods instilled some teachings of Daoism’s naturalism (Wen-shun, p. 123) Confucianism shaped the national character of what we know as the China of today. It has also permeated the aspect of the society which involves family, arts and literature, and all the virtues of human relationship.All that embraces the Confucian teachings worked in two ways. It affected the ideologies and way of thinking of the writers who still follow the tradition, and even those who are not into it. Daoism took over the disordered state of the country, where there is man’s disappointments in his personal life, which can be associated to worldliness. On the other hand, Confucianism came victorious in times of tranquility and success (Wu-Chi, 1990, p. 4) Th e western beliefs contribute to the deviation of the anti-Confucian literary artists who influence a lot the people of China.Even the normal people of the modern times instill to them the reasons of not inclining themselves anymore on the Confucian dogma. Because of these western influences, the influence exerted by Confucianism in modern China has gone lower dramatically. The promotion of science in modernization, together with the growth of democratic thoughts made Confucianism unsuitable to modern China (Wen-Shun, 1992, p. 200). Still, many political thinkers agree, like for example, Ch’en, that dealing with modernization does not require involvement of the western or any foreign ideas.China’s modern world has increasing debates whether the influence of Confucianism has a negative impact on the country’s economic development. Confucianism teaches that the profit orientation of a government or a society negates virtue, which is emphasized by capitalism. Confuc ius continues in his articulation against the capitalistic China that he would not engage himself on such wrongdoings even if it is for the betterment of the society (Killion, 2006, p. 32). Daoism thrives on achievement of perfection against the politics of imperial administration (Woodhead, 2001, p.93).Perfection is equated to immortality; the ‘dao’ or ‘The Way’ being the force of the universe where people are inclined to be one to it. Dao is a metaphysical, at the same time, philosophical conception, which is synonymous to the ‘nature’ being used by the Greeks. The meaning creates thinking about generation and regeneration which controls the existence of things in the moral influence. In Confucianism, the principle of the ‘heavenly order’ is emphasized, while in Daoism, it is only ‘The Way’ itself.Daoism created a number of hermetic traditions. In addition to it, the traditions of the lay liturgy have also been influ enced. The highlight of their teachings is on the exorcism and healing. Under the emperors, these teachings were approved, and have turned from a heart of texts to a canon law. The presence of Daoism in the China today does not articulate optimistic speculation that the age-old Daoism has come back in the modern China. They have no doubt that it is still the Daoism in the past that revolves around China in the modern times.There is a struggle against the anti-religious policies and government officials who create misinterpretations of the Daoism dogma. The Chinese local culture has been influenced by Daoism, that it lives in every home. The negative aspect is that the local policies and the openness of controlling these local policies control the balance regarding the religion’s existence. Even so, Daoism influence the school systems and the medical systems in China that leads them to the road of modernization (Pui-tak, 2006, p. 47). It still lives in the rural areas of China , although many Daoists are being oppressed by the government.

Situation Analysis & Swot Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Situation Analysis & Swot - Research Paper Example Another goal of the organization to engage in community-based scientific studies or research aimed at adding knowledge and improving the community’s understanding of therapeutic importance of medicines that originate from cannabis whole-plant. The organization brands itself as a non-profit organization that strives to solve medical issues in the Vancouver community. The success of this society is because of the positive brand image among its esteemed customers. By definition, brand image is the position that a product name takes in the mind of the consumers (Hassan, & Craft, 2012). Therefore, VICS has a strong brand image among its users as a supplier of cannabis-related prescriptions. On the contrary, the general society might have a negative perception of the organization’s efforts to provide cannabis medication, and this might affect the brand image. Besides, the company brands itself as an organization that adheres to ethical obligation like abiding by the recommendations of the physicians in cannabinoid prescription. In this context, the company makes it mandatory for the customers to present medical forms when applying for membership. Nonetheless, the organization brands itself as a company that offers luxury services to customers who may want to take their doses within the premises since there are facilities for such purposes. Mr. Lucas founded the Vancouver Island Compassion Society where the existence of the group had been incorporates under the country’s Society Act in 1999 (The Vancouver Island Compassion Society, 2015). The kind of business that the organization runs is well stated in its application procedure as a NGO that has dedicated itself in treating individuals with legitimate medical marijuana needs. On the other hand, the company was established to offer homeopathic therapies. However, all organization offers the services on membership basis with an aim of providing safe, reasonably priced, and consistent marijuana

The Action Series Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Action Series - Essay Example Further, this essay will zone in on the similarities and the differences between the themes and ideological presentation in the action series. In essence, The Transporter is a sequential action series created by Luc Besson and Robert Kamen Mark that stars Jason Statham. The initial concept behind the film is French, but also has elements of Canadian influence. Ideally, the film revolves around Frank Martin who is a courier driver with expert freelancing style (Griep and Marjorie 40). Frank Martin is a driver who does not ask questions about the package for delivery, will deliver anything and anywhere as long as the price is good meaning that Frank follows all the rules to the latter. Moreover, Frank is a mercenary with excellent driving skills, combat experience and great survival skills (Ebert 70). Frank also sets few ground rules that include the client should not change the deal, no name exchange, not to make promises that are hard to keep, and never to open the package in questio n. Frank also adheres strictly to the time schedule set by the client. Plot difference for the series The transporter is a four part action series that began in 2002 with 2013 playing host to the launch of fourth part of the series. The plot summary for the initial part of the series involves Frank transporting a package for an American gangster when he notices an anomaly as he was changing a flat tire (Gross 38). He notices movement in the package, but refuses to open the package as per rule number three. His curiosity makes him to break his rules where he opens the package to find a gagged woman (Minai and Yaneer 44). However, Frank sticks to the initial plan and delvers the package as required by the American gangster that asks him to deliver a briefcase. Frank is adamant to make the delivery, but instead takes the briefcase that becomes a bomb that destroys his customized car (Kiley 69). Furious, Frank returns to the gangster to seek revenge for the loss of his car, where he cau ses a commotion and makes away with one of the cars belonging to the gangster (Segal 47). Unfortunately, it turns that the gagged woman he was transporting initially was in his getaway vehicle. He feels that it is a safer hideout in his house (Griep and Marjorie 58). Meanwhile, Tarconi a local French law enforcer arrives at Frank’s residence as he had been trailing him due to his suspicions of Frank’s criminal involvement. Therefore, the plot captures a story of illegal shipping of Chinese natives by the American with intent of recruiting them in to modern day slavery (Ebert 78). In the second part of the series, Frank seeks employment as a chauffeur for a USA top brass official in Miami after quitting illegal transportation of packages in France. The transporter (2005) shows Frank going into legitimate chauffeuring as a favor to a friend with his reason being reformation. He chauffeurs Jack Billings where his job involves him taking the child to school and to any plac e that the child would want (Kiley 80). Ironically, Jack and Frank grow fond of each other to an extent that Frank feels an attachment to the boy. However, when unknown individuals kidnap the boy, Fyrank becomes the immediate suspect to the crime. He fights to bring the boy safely to his family despite the father having trust issues. The risks involved in the recovery include a virus that the kidnappers intend to unleash in order to destroy

Lupus emergent therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lupus emergent therapy - Essay Example As if not enough, desirable work place environments has shaped the building design paradigms in certain ways, including the necessitation of incorporation of aspects pertaining to efficiency, as well as a reduction of stress at the work place (Broberg,1997). Indeed, in the current world, building designs concepts and building designs are arguably inseparable. Building design concepts are inclined on coming up with designs of equipment and devises, including buildings that are suitable for human operations. Such are subject to body movement, not to forget, the bodies’ cognitive abilities. Thus, the objective of desirable design concept is to foster productivity while fulfilling the health requirements. As such, the desirable design concept is most appreciable when designing products such as equipment and furniture, as well as machines that contain interfaces that are not only reliable, but easy for use (Broberg, 1997). Clearly, this relate to building designs. Nevertheless, considering that people have varied physical and cognitive capabilities, the subject of satisfactory building designs may not be fully explored without inclusivity. It is indispensable that buildings designs have to put into considerations the needs of people with disabilities such as the deaf, the blind, and those on wheelchairs. Inclusivity is a point that most engineers have to put into consideration, especially when the underlying goal is to design buildings that could be accessed by all groups of people with prompting customization. What is worth noting is that desirable inclusive designs should be fit all equality groups although emphasis may be laid on disabled people. On the other hand, it is limiting to design buildings based on ergonomic concepts and inclusivity alone. Other elements of desirable building designs, especially office areas, include Safety, security, sustainability , Comfort,

Learning organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning organisation - Essay Example Learning organization can be defined as, â€Å"A Learning Company is an organization that facilitates the learning of all its members and continuously transforms itself†Development of an organization into a learning organization is not an organic process Instead, such a development is facilitated by certain factors. With the growth of organization and structuring of the company, individuals tend to assume more strength and power and their rigidity subdues the organization’s capacity to learn as it grows. In such circumstances, solutions applied to counter problems are often ineffective. Organizations tend to downsize in an attempt to enlarge profits and remain competitive. With fewer staff members, load on individuals grows manifolds. In order to gain competitive advantage and to promote a culture that is customer responsive, it is imperative that companies learn faster than their parallels in the market. This requires maintenance of knowledge regarding new processes an d products and an understanding of the outside environment. That is why learning organization has been defined as, â€Å"a company that can respond to new information by altering the very â€Å"programming† by which information is processed and evaluated† (Malhotra, 1996). In order to accomplish this, employees assume a greater responsibility of both managing their own works and cooperating with one another to play part in the organization’s strategic processes meant for competitive advantage. This paper aims at discussing some of the key features of a learning organization.... According to the systems thinking, in order for an organization to gain the qualities a learning organization, all traits should be simultaneously apparent in it. In case an organization lacks any of the five characteristics, it will not be able to achieve its goal. However, some people are of the view that these traits can be acquired or developed one by one with time. For example, O’ Keeffe (2002) is of the view that these features can not all be acquired at once, and are instead, developed gradually to convert an organization into a learning organization. Shared vision: One of the key factors that provide an organization with an opportunity to gain competitive advantage is shared vision. Shared vision among the organizational personnel builds their common identity. This in turn, provides the workers with tremendous energy and inculcates motivation in them to gain learning. In this way, shared vision plays a cardinal role in promoting learning among the members of the staff. Individuals’ vision plays a big role in the development and promotion of shared vision. Thus, if the vision in a company is enforced by particular people who assume greater power over others, this may hinder the development of a shared organizational vision. This is the fundamental reason why most of the learning organizations prefer to adopt decentralized and flat organization structures. Personal mastery: Personal mastery is the name of an individual’s commitment to the organizational learning process (Senge, 1990). An organization whose personnel are quick learners acquires an edge over the competitors whose employees are not. There are various organization specific events and happenings that

To be stated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

To be stated - Essay Example Furthermore it will analyze nonverbal communication in the afore-mentioned media text through the lens of Charles Horton Cooley’s Looking Glass Self so as to depict how nonverbal cues, which can be either facilitative or debilitative, of fellow human beings collected by an individual actually shape his identity and subsequently determine his sense of self. The concept of the â€Å"looking glass self† promulgates that self-consciousness involves continually monitoring self from the point of view of others. Cooley stated this concept of the â€Å"looking-glass self† in his book Human Nature and The Social Order: â€Å"We live in the minds of others unknowingly. This creates the â€Å"social self† which might be called as the reflected or the â€Å"looking-glass self†:â€Å"Each to each a looking-glass/Reflects the others that doth pass† (73). This consciousness of self emanating from one’s view of oneself through the eyes of another is more a product of analysis of the nonverbal cues one gathers during interpersonal communication than the actual words one hears from the mouth of one’s fellow beings. Among the many other ways in which individuals respond to fellow individuals’ nonverbal cues touch avoidance is the most striking one. Defined as â€Å"an individual’s nonverba l predisposition to generally approach or avoid touch in interpersonal interactions† ( Anderson & Sull 82). An individual’s positive or reciprocal touch response is an indication of a mutual relation of trust and connection while the opposite reaction of reciprocal touch response betrays disconnect. Likewise the extent of touch avoidance is a manifestation of interpersonal distance. The Miracle Worker, a TV remake of William Gibson’s The Miracle Worker, released by Disney Movies in 2000, films the inspirational journey of Helen Keller with special

Research Paper on Ethical Dilemma Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Ethical Dilemma - Research Paper Example , people with work experience, or exposure gained through a Master’s in Business Administration degree frequently find themselves better equipped for the exam (Sterret, 1906). This is because accountancy is the language of business, and pertains to this area of professionalism only. Accountants, once qualified, become part of associations of accountants in their country. For example, in the USA they become part of the American Institute of CPAs. In the UK, they join a different institute, namely the Institute of Chartered Accountants UK. Similarly, different institutes in different countries acknowledge the professional services provided by their accountants (Garber, 2008). Accountants report facing very challenging and rewarding careers, but at the same time, face numerous ethical dilemmas due to the sensitive nature of their work. The reason why an accountant’s work is sensitive is that they are responsible for handling the finances of other people, as well as corresponding to the higher authorities in the government. This level of responsibility binds them to follow a certain code of ethics in their line of work, as professionals. The aforementioned associations, to which these accountants belong, provide this code of ethics. In England and Wales, for instance, accountants follow the code of ethics implemented by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales (ICAEW). This code is similar in all countries, and entails five main traits to be present in every accountant’s work. First is integrity, which requires total honesty and straightforwardness from the accountant while engaging in any business relationship. This helps maintain the reliability, of both the accountant and the firm that he or she represents. Next is objectivity, which requires that any professional actions taken by the accountant be uninfluenced from any biases or conflicts of interest. The accountant needs to remain impartial while making decisions, and unhindered by the

Moral Education Essay Example for Free

Moral Education Essay Moral education can be given better by parents at home, than by schoolmasters and professors in schools and colleges. Parents have numberless opportunities of guiding their children by pre ¬cept and example, opportunities denied to the teacher. Who generally meets his pupils in large classes, and seldom has the means of becoming intimately acquainted with their several char ¬acters and the faults, other than intellectual faults, to which each of them is particularly prone. The first point of importance to notice with regard to moral instruction is that, in the words of the proverb, example is better than precept. This is too often forgotten by parents, especially in the case of young children. Many parents are emphatic in incul-cating truthfulness, but, on very slight occasion think it advisable to escape the importunity or curiosity of children by deception, if not by actual falsehood. They fondly hope that the deceit will pass unnoticed; but children are keener observers than they are generally supposed to be, and very quick to detect any discrep ¬ancy between preaching and practice on the part of their elders. It is therefore imperative that parents in all cases should them ¬selves act up to the moral precepts that they inculcate upon their children. Another important point in the home training of children is careful selection of associates of their own age who will not teach them bad habits. For the same reason, especially in rich houses, great care must be taken that the servants do not exert an evil influence on their moral character. Bad servants teach a child to be deceitful and disobedient by secretly helping him to enjoy forbidden pleasures, which of course they warn him he must on no account mention to his parents. They may also render a child rude and overbearing by servile submission to his caprices and bad temper. If we now pass from home to school life, we see that the first great disadvantage that the school-master labours under is that it is very difficult for him to gain the affections of his pupils. A father can generally appeal to filial love as an inducement towards obeying the moral rules he prescribes. But a school-master ap ¬pears to boys in the position of a task-master, and is too often without reason regarded by them as their natural enemy, particu ¬larly by those whom he has to punish for idleness or other faults, that is, by the very boys who stand most in need of moral instruction. Even when a school-master has got over this hostile feeling, he finds that the large amount of daily teaching expected from him leaves him little leisure to give his pupils friendly advice in the intervals between lessons. It has been proposed in India that formal lessons in morality should be given in schools and colleges. But it is to be feared that lessons so delivered from the school-master’s desk or the professor’s chair would produce little more effect than is obtained by the writing of moral sentences in copy-books. In the great public schools of England the masters have opportunities of de ¬livering moral lessons under more favourable conditions, when they preach the weekly sermon on Sunday in the sacred precincts of the school chapel. The Indian teacher has no such opportunity of using his eloquence in guiding the members of his school towards moral enthusiasm. Yet he can do much by the power of personal example, and by creating in the minds of his pupils admiration for the great English writers, who in prose or verse give expression to the highest moral thoughts. In addition to this, all intellectual education is in proportion to its success a powerful deterrent from vice, as it enables us to see more clearly the evil effects that follow from disobedience to moral rules.

Fundamental Strategies Towards Sustainable Construction Construction Essay

Fundamental Strategies Towards Sustainable Construction Construction Essay Abstract- Since the construction industry has great impact on the environment, the consideration of sustainable development through sustainable construction is needed. Sustainable construction is a way for the building industry to move towards achieving sustainable development, taking into account the environmental, socio-economic and cultural issues. Specifically, it involves issues such as design and management of buildings, materials and building performance, energy and resource consumption. Therefore, sustainable construction provides solutions that require optimization all sort of environmental impacts since global warming is no longer a remote concept but a real threat to the future of mankind. This paper is review of sustainable practice in construction industry. Mixed methods of quantitative research by way of questionnaire survey and qualitative research using semi structured interview will be applied. For the first stage of data collection, the quantitative method will be a pplied to identify the barriers in implementing the sustainable construction. On the other hand, qualitative method will be used to produce strategies for the Malaysian construction participants to implement the sustainable construction. Interview session will be conducted among experienced professionals in construction industry in order to generate their opinion towards the implementation of sustainable construction in Malaysian construction industry. At the end of the research, discussion and recommendation will be covered, summarising the research content. This research is attempted to develop a framework policy of sustainable construction in Malaysia. A new strategies and guidelines seem to be part of the framework design. The framework derived from this research will be used as the criteria to benchmark the gaps in process and strategy for sustainable construction industry in order to capture good practices in terms of minimising environmental impacts and improve Malaysian read iness towards the sustainable issues. Keywords- Global warming, sustainable development, sustainable construction, environmental impact, policies Introduction The newly launched National Green Technology Policy in 2009 reflects Malaysian Governments seriousness in driving the message that clean and green is the way forward towards sustainable construction which will benefit current and future issues related to economic, social and environment and also quality of life. Such policy showed that government were seriously encouraged the efforts in tackling all related green issues in the country that complement the global vision on sustainable development. This research will be looking into the sustainable practices in Malaysian construction industry and will be focusing on the sustainable policy in other Asian countries such as Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Japan which very much active in Green Technology and sustainable projects. The reason for this is to show the gaps that should be filled in by the policy makers in order to catch up with the current developments that have been happening in other countries. The purpose of this paper is to disclose the overall structure of the research that is currently being undertaking by the researcher. Therefore, it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss any findings from any of the research methodology adapted to date. PROBLEM STATEMENT Nowadays, one of the most pressing concerns for this industry is global warming which is an increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans as a result of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [1]. Global warming, sometimes called climate change, is causing an increase in the earths near-surface temperature due to changes in the atmospheric composition. Many scientists believe recently observed global warming is partially caused by greenhouse gas emissions from energy production, transportation, industry and agriculture [2] (Oh and Chua, 2010; Radhi, 2009). In Malaysia, the major contributor of the greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide emissions and the trend has been increasing every year since 1982. The global carbon dioxide emission has risen significantly from 19,380 million tons in 1980 to 31,577 million tons in 2008. It is predicted that carbon dioxide emission will increase to 40 billion tons in year 2030 if no tremendous effort are thrown in to mitigate it [3-4]. In addition, according to Dato Sri Peter Chin Fah Kui Minister Of Energy, Green Technology And Water in his speech in the ASEAN Affairs and the Malaysia-Europe Forum, greenhouse gas emissions in Malaysia has increased substantially by 13% and 32% per GDP and per capita respectively between 1994 and 2000. Malaysian total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 55% in 2000 when compared with the 1994 levels. Furthermore, he stated that Malaysias emission of CO2 per capita which is about 7.1 tonne per capita was higher than the average for Asia Pacific of 2.6 tonne per capita based on the National Communications Report. Since global warming has emerged as the most serious environmental issues of our time and since sustainability becoming an important issue of economics and political debates worldwide therefore, it is vital important for Malaysian construction industry to further implement the sustainable construction which eliminates the negative impact on the construc tion industry. At present, Malaysia is a population with about 27.73 million covering area of 329,750 km2 based on the latest census in 2008 and the GDP grew at an average rate over 5.7% during the last 6 years [5]. As such, being a fast industrializing country, it is expected that an increased need for more houses, buildings and public infrastructure. Due to that matter, the government introduces the Sustainable Concept that can be applied to the construction industry to maintain the ecosystem and built environment as well. While standard building practices are guided by short term economic considerations, sustainable construction is based on best practices which emphasize long term affordability, quality and efficiency (Isover, 2009). Sustainable construction, which has inevitably been dubbed green construction, describes the responsibility of the construction industry in attaining sustainability (Nazirah, 2009). Besides that, sustainable construction aims at reducing the environmental impact of a building over its entire lifetime, while optimizing its economic viability and the comfort and safety of its occupants (Aguilar, 2008; Isover, 2009; PediaPress, 2009). Furthermore, sustainable construction is all about maintaining a balance between the human need for buildings for shelter and business operations and infrastructure for higher quality of well-being at one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generation depend at the other hand (Singh, 2007; Nazirah and Aini, 2010). As mentioned previously, sustainable construction is seen as a way for the construction industry to contribute to the effort to achieve sustainable development. However, in Malaysia, the green movement is still at low level where sustainable projects in Malaysia are mostly at the pioneer stage [6]. She pointed out that the modest number of sustainable projects being built in Malaysia is a sign of the slow intake of the sustainability concept among construction prac titioner. Thus, this indicates that the concerted efforts by the government, non-governmental and education institutions have not fully penetrated into construction activities. Looking the above statement, it can be conclude that there is still lack of effort in the application of the sustainable concept among construction practitioner and this scenario shown that it seems difficult for the Malaysian construction industry to further implement the sustainable construction. Thus, more efforts are needed and should be directed towards realising the green agenda of the industry to enhance the level of environmental awareness and civic consciousness among the people to build sustainably in the future. Therefore, this research will identify the barriers in implementing the sustainable construction in Malaysian Construction Industry. Government policies have been recognised as important instruments in driving the market for sustainable buildings [7]. At recent, the green technology promotion was further emphasized in the 9th Malaysia Plan (2006-2010). This indicate that government were seriously encouraged the efforts in tackling all related green issues in the country that complement the global vision on sustainable development. The establishment of the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water to replace the Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia in early 2009 reflects Malaysias seriousness in driving the message that clean and green is the way forward towards creating an economy that is based on sustainable solutions. The launch of the new National Green Technology Policy in April 2009 by the current Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, shall provide guidance and create new opportunities for businesses and industries to impact on the economic growth positively. The National Green Technol ogy Policy is built on four pillars which are seek to attain energy independence and promote efficient utilization, conserve and minimize the impact on the environment, enhance the national economic development through the use of technology and improve the quality of life for all [8]. The National Policy on Environment seeks to integrate environment considerations into development activities to foster long-term economic growth and human development and to protect as well as enhancing the quality of environment. Thus, the National policy is seen as a major catalyst of the governments strategies in order to promote sustainable construction since sustainable construction is a way for the building industry to move towards achieving sustainable development. More strategies and actions should be pursued actively to speed up the process in creating sustainable oriented construction industry which is paramount towards building a sustainable future. Therefore, this research is an attempt to address the issues of sustainable construction and what approaches needs to be implemented for sustainable construction in Malaysia. THE EMERGENCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainability has become an important issue worldwide. There is a growing concern for sustainability due to severe negative impacts of human development activities in the earth. The term sustainable development is basically emerged from The World Commission on Environment and Development established by the United Nations in 1983 and now known as the Brundtland Commission. The report, Our Common Future in the publication of Brundland Report provided the most simple and widely used definition for sustainable development as development to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [9]. The concept was given currency at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, and reinforced at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002. UNCED saw the first global agreement on programmes for action in all areas relating to sustainable development, as documented in Agenda 21 [10]. During the United Nations Earth Summit held by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Rio de Janeiro (1992), a sustainable development was defined as improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting eco systems. This definition has an impact on the economic, social and environmental development and was later formally adopted worldwide [11]. This has lead to a growing concern around the world to improve the way of our development into a more responsible way without destroying the world we lived in. SUSTAINABILITY IN CONSTRUCTION Buildings, infrastructure and the environment are part of our living environment thus affecting our living conditions, social well-being and health. Hence, it is important to explore environmentally and economically sound design and development techniques for buildings and infrastructure for them to be sustainable, healthy and affordable, and also which encourage innovation in construction [11]. Previously, the concern on environment is relatively a small part of most of construction development. However, with the growing awareness on environmental protection due to the depletion of non-renewable resources, global warming and extremity of destruction to ecology and biodiversity impact, this issue have gain wider attention by the construction practitioners worldwide. Many efforts are being directed to build sustainable in construction world. The direction of the industry is now shifting from developing with environmental concern as a small part of the process into having the developme nt process being integrated within the wider context of environmental agenda [12]. With the implementation of sustainable construction, the construction industry is bound to bring about positive and proactive changes such as less pollution, waste and even constitutes to the well being of future generations. Therefore, the construction activities must work and comply with the need to protect and sustain the environment. As a consequence, achieving sustainability means achieving quality of life. Existing research shows that construction activities are a major contributor to environmental pollution [13]. Hence, sustainable development is an answer to reduce the major impact on the environment. Sustainable development requires the construction industry itself to be sustainable first. There are three elements that are related to sustainable development, which are economic, social and environment element [14]. Sustainable in economic includes increase profitability and competitiveness. Sustainable in social elements covers aspects of the delivery of buildings and infrastructures that meets the satisfactorily meets the requirement of the users and stakeholders. While sustainable in environment would consider the concerns on the conservation of natural ecosystems and minimization of environmental impacts and the consumption of energy and natural resources [10, 14]. Apart from that, sustainable construction is seems as a way for the construction industry to contribute to the effort to achieve sustainable development [6]. In brief, sustainable construction is the construction that contributes to the sustainable development. Abidin [15] suggested that the approach of sustainable construction will enable the construction practitioners to be more responsible to the environmental protection needs without neglecting the social and economic needs in striving for better living. Therefore, the challenge of the construction industry is to find the balance between three main pillars; environmental, economic and social in order for the construction industry to move towards sustainability. Since the construction industry has a great significant impact on the environment, the implementation of sustainable construction is a must. According to Tan, Shen and Yao [13] sustainable construction refers to the integration of environmental, social and economic considerations into construction business strategies and practices. It is the application of the principles of sustainable development to the comprehensive construction cycle from the extraction of raw materials, through the planning, design and construction of buildings and infrastructure, until their final deconstruction and management of the resultant waste. However Hamid, Noor, Kamar, Ghani, Zain, and Rahim [16] further explained that sustainable construction is the creation and responsible maintenance of a health built environment, based on ecological principles and by means of an efficient use of resources. In addition, sustainable construction is a way for the building industry to move towards achieving sustainable development, taking into account the environmental, socio-economic and cultural issues [11, 17]. Aguilar [18] pointed out that the adoption of sustainable construction practices also offers environmental protections as well economic advantages for consumers and communities offering substantial savings in the buildings life-cycle operating costs. Singh [19] further added that sustainability in construction is all about following suitable practices in terms of choice of materials, their sources, construction methodologies as well as design philosophy so as to be able to improve performance, decrease the environmental burden of the project, minimize waste and be ecologically friendlier. Consequently, sustainable construction deals with limited resources especially energy and how to reduce the impacts on the natural environment. Previous studies related to the research There were various research has been conducted in the area of sustainable construction and the quantity seems to increase over the years since environmental issues become more concerning worldwide. The research that has been done in the area of sustainable construction can be grouped into four which are research on sustainable practices, research on opportunities and awareness, research on materials and research on policy. The research that has been done in sustainable practices for instance is by Tan, Shen and Yao [13] which conducted a research on sustainable construction practice and contractors competitiveness which focuses on the relationship between sustainability performance and business competitiveness. The findings showed that there is no unique relationship between the two variables. But using a long-term view, sustainability performance will have greater contribution to business competitiveness in the future. Whereas Chen, Okudan, and Riley [20] conducted a research on sus tainable performance criteria for construction method selection in concrete buildings. The study was based on a qualitative research approach. In her study, she has identified a list of possible opportunities and strategic directions for government and industry stakeholders consideration in view of the future development. While Shen, Tam, Leona and Ji [21] discussed major challenges of conducting project feasibility study to the sustainable construction practices with reference to Mainland China construction industry. The study demonstrated that there is a need for shifting the traditional approach of project feasibility study to a new approach for embracing the principles of sustainable development. Besides, Shafii [11] has done a research on sustainable Construction in the developing countries of Southeast Asia and found that the status of sustainable construction in Southeast Asia is still in its infancy. Reffat [22] in his research addressed the essential requirements for develo ping sustainable construction in developing countries including considering sustainability as a necessity, efficient management of resources, shared responsibility, quality improvement of construction processes and products, improving the capacity of construction sector, and the need for integrated research. The innovation of building materials and technologies as an opportunity of sustainable construction in developing countries is introduced. A tool for sustainable building is also presented. Mohamad [23] conducted a research on Principles of Sustainable Development in Ibn Khalduns Economic Thought which focused on the nature of pursuable development in the economic model of Ibn Khaldun. The researcher cursorily examines Ibn Khaldun famous work al-Muqadimmah, as well as the interpretations of his work offered by contemporary scholars. This research reinterprets those views and concludes that the economic growth theory of Ibn Khaldun suggests sustainable development if one opts for a moderate rate of integrated development. Ibn Khaldunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s theory of development runs towards the same direction as that of Basic Needs, Dematerialisation, and de-growth in our time. Overconsumption, corruption of morality, and the greed for luxury are recognised the indicators of fall of civilisations which are taken here to be the indicators of unsustainable development. His views can guide Muslim countries in drafting development policy and also can be used by educators for promoting sustainable development in Muslim Countries. A research done by Destatte [24] discussed that foresight could be a major tool in tackling sustainability as well as one of the best methods of preparing sustainable strategies and policies since the efforts made to construct specific methods dedicated to building sustainable strategies seem rather weak. Futurists themselves underestimate the relationship between sustainable development and foresight, even if they are talking about sustainabl e planning. Research on opportunities and awareness for instance has been done by [6, 15] on awareness and application of sustainable construction concept by Malaysian developers. This study has been conducted to investigate the level of awareness, knowledge and implementation of sustainable practices based on the perceptions of the project developers in Malaysia. The findings was only large developers are beginning to take heed towards sustainable implementation in their projects. Due to limited understanding and the concern about cost, many developers are still reluctant and uncertain concerning pursuit of sustainability in their projects. Whereas in the research, The Way Forward of Sustainable Construction and Green Technology In Malaysia conducted by Hamid, Noor, Kamar, Ghani, Zain, and Rahim [10] investigated the challenges facing by the industry in developing sustainable agenda and discusses Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)s initiatives in implementing sustainable agenda. Fur thermore, he highlighted current research on sustainable construction and green technology and provides strategic recommendations as the way forward. While Shafii, Ali, and Othman [11] in their study focused on the public private initiatives, partnerships and international co-operations to support sustainable building development in Malaysia. The finding was there is increasing public awareness and interest in how buildings affect the environment, worker productivity and public health. As a result, both the public and private sector are beginning to demand buildings that optimize energy use; promote resource efficiency; and improve indoor environmental quality. Developers, owners, operators, insurers, and the public at large are beginning to value and market the benefits of sustainable building. Despite these responses and demand, the development in sustainable building is relatively slow; this in part, might be due to the lack of incentives and regulatory procedures to guide susta inable building construction. The Green Building Mission launched recently by the Malaysian Government is an indication of a promising effort to ensure sustainable production and delivery of the construction industry products to fulfill these demands. The paper also discussed on the trends, challenges and barriers for implementations of sustainable building with recommendations for establishing clear policy targets. Research that has been conducted on materials basically focused on the sustainable material in construction industry and based on laboratory oriented. For instance research conducted by Voo [25] presents an overview of the material characteristics of a Malaysia blend of ultra-high performance ductile concrete (UHPdC) know as DURA. The comparison studies show that many structures constructed from UHPdC are generally more environmentally sustainable than built of the conventional reinforced concrete with respect to the reduction of CO2 emissions and embodied energy. However, in this paper, the researcher intends to focus on sustainable policy. Generally, there is no similar thorough research which has been done by any other researcher in the Malaysian construction industry regarding on policy since Malaysia still do not have policy on the sustainable construction based on the preliminary interview that has been done with Encik Ishamuddin bin Mazlan from the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA). If any, it merely focuses on the Environmental policy for instance a research conducted by Ambali [26] on Malaysian Experience in Policy of Sustainable Environment. The findings of the paper have shown an empirical relationship between environmental degradations and indicators of human development activities in Malaysia and elsewhere in the world. However, the paper reflects some fundamental issues that need to be addressed by the government for future direction of its policy efforts towards protection of natural resources and the envir onment at large. Whereas Zhang and Wen [27] in her research, review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China determine how best to coordinate the relationship between the environment and the economy by taking a look at the development of Chinese environmental policy in order to improve quality of life and the sustainability of Chinas resources and environment. Examples of important measures include the adjustment of economic structure, reform of energy policy, development of environmental industry, pollution prevention and ecological conservation, capacity building, and international cooperation and public participation. While a research conducted by Hezri and Hasan [28] views the recent history of Malaysias evolving policy response to development needs and environmental change as consisting of four distinct stages. Despite an impressive array of policy statements and strategies to implement sustainable development, many challenges remain today. A clear articulation of normative principles of sustainable development is of paramount importance, as is the monumental task of policy implementation. The article argues that the trajectory of Malaysias policy on natural resources and environmental issues bears the characteristics of path dependent evolution. At PhD level, Kumorotomo [29] discussed the process of decision-making on Indonesian fiscal decentralisation policy in order to explain policy changes and continuities. It focuses on developments from 1974 to 2004. Based on the review of the previous studies related to the research that have been discussed above there seems no study that has been done (yet) in the area of sustainable construction policy and this will be discussed by the researcher in this Master research. Therefore, the gap has been identified and in order to contribute to the existing body of knowledge. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to develop framework policy for the Malaysian Construction participants to move towards sustainable construction. In order to achieve this aim the following objectives were identified: Objective 1: To determined the importance of implementing the sustainable construction in Malaysian Construction Industry. Objective 2: To identified the barriers in order to implement sustainable construction in Malaysian Construction Industry. Objective 3: To develop fundamental strategies in promoting the sustainable construction in Malaysian construction industry. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Research questions serves as a guide in fulfill the aim and objectives of the research. In order to resolve the research problem, the following research questions were applied: Research question for objective 1 What and why sustainable construction is important in the Malaysian construction industry? How important of implementation of sustainable construction in Malaysian? How sustainable construction can reduce the global warming or climate change in Malaysia? Research question for objective 2 What are the barriers in implementing the sustainable construction in Malaysian Construction Industry? How to minimise the barriers? Research question for objective 3 What are the strategies in promoting the sustainable construction in Malaysian construction industry? What are the roles of various sectors in promoting the sustainable construction in Malaysian Construction Industry? 2.1 What are the roles of the government agencies? 2.2 Private sector? Developers? Contractors? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology serves as a guide in achieving the aim and objectives of the study. This section would focus on the method of study to be carried out in order to achieve the objective of this research. In this research, mix method of questionnaire survey and case study will be applied. Quantitative Approach For the first stage of data collection, the quantitative method will be applied in order to identify the barriers in implementing sustainable construction in Malaysian construction industry. Qualitative Approach On the other hand, qualitative method will be used in order to produce strategies to further implement the sustainable construction. Interview session will be conducted among experienced professionals who involved directly in construction industry. The aim is to generate their opinion towards the implementation of sustainable construction in Malaysian construction industry. SIGNIFICANT OF THE RESEARCH This research will add to the body of knowledge that with the implementation of sustainable construction the construction industry is bound to bring about positive changes for instance less pollution, waste and even constitutes of well being future generations. This research is expected to develop a framework policy of sustainable construction in Malaysia. A new strategies and guidelines seem to be part of the framework design. This research will emphasize the importance of implementation of sustainable construction in Malaysian construction industry in order to sustain ecological system and enhance the social well being of all Malaysian citizens. Besides that, this research will identify the barriers in implementing the sustainable construction so that methods can be taken in order to minimise those barriers and finally come out with the strategies so that Malaysian participants can further implement the sustainable construction. Apart from that, the findings that meet the objective s of this research will open new fields for future researchers and academicians to carry out extensive researches on the topics concerned. In addition, data and output analyzed from the findings can be further referred or elaborated in any educational deliverance or scholarly materials. Therefore it is anticipated that this research will generate interests from the public, academicians and also practitioners. In short, the outcome of this research will affect various parties involved in construction industry including government and private agencies, construction suppliers and finally end users. Therefore, this research will certainly be beneficial to all parties. EXPECTED FINDINGS This research is attempted to develop a framework policy of sustainable construction in Malaysia since there is no specific policy on sustainable construction. Compared to other developed countries such as UK, Sweden and even our neighborhood countries like Singapore and Thailand have their own policies on Sustainable construction. Therefore, a new strategies and guidelines seem to be part of the framework design. At the end of the research it targets to improve the practice of sustainable policy is Malaysian construction industry and indirectly assists the developers, architects and contractors in improving the performance of our industry towards sustainable issues.

Client Directed Outcome Informed Therapy (CDOI) Analysis

Client Directed Outcome Informed Therapy (CDOI) Analysis Taryn Slaughter Throughout the years, therapies have transitioned through different theories of change, model development and extensive research. For decades evidence based models of therapy were argued to be the best treatment for clients. Whilst therapy programs continued and expanded the rates of success did not. Slowly the perception of traditional models and treatments began to change and therapists began looking for alternatives to best suit the needs of their clients. Gradually the roles of therapist and client have changed and the client now has more involved in their treatment process. The client is no longer just a recipient of treatment; they are a partner in the planning, implementing and the outcomes. This essay will describe client directed outcome informed therapy and how it benefits clients with consistent positive treatment outcomes. The concept of Client Directed Outcome Informed therapy (CDOI) was developed through collaboration between Scott Miller and Barry Duncan (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). After reviewing years of outcomes research, CDOI therapy was created in an attempt to meet the needs of individuals who had not responded to traditional models of therapy (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004; Duncan Moynihan, 1994). Through further studies and collaborations other forms of outcome and client directed models emerged. These other forms of therapy have been called Feedback Informed Therapy (FIT) and Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS) (Miller, Duncan, Sorrell Brown, 2004). All three forms of therapy focus on the same principle of providing treatment for clients that is best suited to their individual needs. CDOI therapy has no fixed treatment, model, practice or intervention. The client directed aspect of CDOI therapy ensures that the differences between individuals are understood (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). Practitioners performing CDOI therapy with clients acknowledge that each individual is different by structuring treatments to meet the needs of each client (Duncan Moynihan, 1994). The process of structuring treatment for each individual requires an understanding of the client’s strengths weaknesses and resources to obtain the best possible outcome (Norcross Wampold, 2010). Once these are understood, the client and therapist are then able to outline the desired goals of the client and implement treatments best suited to the client. The relationship between client and therapist enables the process of establishing goals and treatment options in any therapy. The relationship (or alliance) is built early in the initially stages of therapy (Barber, Connolly, Crits-Christoph, Gladis, Siqueland, 2000). The strength of the alliance is determined on the ability of the client and therapist to work together in a mutually respective, trusting and supportive environment (Klee, Abeles Muller, 1990). A therapist must be able to overcome any early resistance to therapy or formation of alliance to ensure the treatments being provided will meet the needs of the client. Research has shown that the strength of the alliance is a significant indicator to the outcomes of treatment. A meta-analytical review conducted by Martin, Garske and Davis (2000) examined a number of studies which observed alliance and outcomes of treatment. It was found that the alliance formed between therapist and client was the most significant indicator of outcome. These findings are consistent with the other alliance focused research (Klee, Abeles Muller, 1990; Krupnick et al., 1996; Meier, Barrowclough Donmall, 2005) which shows that a strongly built alliance results in more positive outcomes then those client/therapist relationships with inconsistent or weakly formed alliances. The outcome informed aspect of CDOI therapy involves the process of compiling feedback throughout treatment. This process provides indicators on whether the selected treatment is affective for the client and meeting their needs (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). A number of studies have shown the effectiveness of ongoing feedback between counsellor and client and positive outcomes of treatment (Claiborn, Goodyear Horner, 2001; Lambert Shimokawa, 2011). Therapists can use the information gathered through feedback to either continue with current treatments or make adjustments where required to continue to work towards treatment goals (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). The most important aspect of this process is that the client is the one expressing how the treatment is working for them, maintaining to the principle of CDOI therapy. There are many different terms used in professional practise when collecting feedback. There are also a number of different methods used when compiling information transmitted between therapist and client. In CDOI and other client and outcome focused therapies many therapists use the Outcome Ratings Scale (ORS) and Session Rating Scale (SRS) (Miller, Duncan, Sorrell Brown, 2004). Both scales allow the therapist to gain an understanding on the level of alliance formed and the success of the treatment being utilised. Consistent feedback from the client ensures that the alliance is still strong and the treatment is being effective in reaching the clients goals (Shaw, 2014). Other models of treatment and therapies such as Counselling and Medical models have more specific structures and guidelines. These models of therapy use the process of diagnosing a problem and then utilising a specific therapy to treat that problem (Mozdzierz, Peluso Lisieki, 2011). Through evidence based practise, problems and therapies are linked together from previous studies and research in the areas where there have been previous successful outcomes. Therapies such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) are linked with previous results in treating diagnosed disorders such as anxiety and depression (Butler, Chapman, Forman Beck, 2006; Tolin, 2010). These therapies are classified under the medical model of treatment and would be used by therapists after diagnoses of anxiety or depression has been made. The difference between these models and the CDOI therapy model is that there is no distinct diagnoses and treatment structure. Each client is evaluated on their own strengths, weaknesses and ideas about treatment. Goals and treatment options are set by both the client and the therapist to ensure all needs of the client are being met, not just the symptoms of a disorder that may be present resulting in a diagnoses (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). Other models of therapy are more restricted in the types of treatments provided and do not allow for individual characteristics of each client. When adopting the CDOI method there is no need to completely discard other models such as the Counselling Model of treatment. CDOI therapy can draw from these different models and modify the structure to suit the client, instead of following the guidelines that may not be appropriate in every case (Duncan Moynihan, 1994). There have been many cases of successful outcomes for clients using evidence based therapies in the past (Butler, Chapman, Forman Beck, 2006; Tolin, 2010). However CDOI therapy is an alternative to these therapies that can be structured to meet the needs of any client by minimising the risk of negative outcomes. There are a number of strategies that can be used by a professional counsellor to improve their outcomes when using CDOI therapy. The importance of alliance between client and therapist has been proven to be a significant indicator of outcome. To build an alliance a professional needs to build a strong, safe and trusting relationship with the client (Norcross Wampold, 2010). A professional counsellor needs to understand the processes involved to build and maintain a strong alliance throughout treatment. Building strong interpersonal skills is one way a professional can achieve a strong alliance. To assess interpersonal skills, a professional can use the Social Skills Inventory (SSI) and the Facilitative Interpersonal Skills (FIS) Performance task questionnaires (Anderson, Ogles, Patterson, Lambert Vermeersch, 2009). These questionnaires measure social and emotional aspects of individual’s interpersonal skills. These aspects are important in building a successful alliance between professional and client which has shown to be a strong indicator of positive outcome. Building on interpersonal skills can be achieved through continuing regular training and education. By continuing education, a professional counsellor can remain current with ongoing research, therapies and treatments and build on existing skills (Norcross Wampold, 2011). By utilising further education a professional can use new ideas to improve outcomes in future cases. One other strategy relates to the feedback process between therapist and client. A successful indicator of outcome, the feedback process is important (Claiborn, Goodyear Horner, 2001). A professional counsellor needs to use a simple and quick system of collecting feedback so that the process doesn’t become overwhelming for the client (Lambert Shimokawa, 2011). This process can only lead to positive outcomes for the professional and client. Conclusion- No one model has proven superiority over another References Anderson, T., Ogles, B M., Patterson, C. L., Lambert, M. J., Vermeersch, D. A. (2009). Therapist Effects: Facilitative Interpersonal Skills as a Predictor of Therapist Success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(7), 755-768. Barber, J. P., Connolly, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Gladis, L., Siqueland, L. (2000). Alliance Predicts Patients’ Outcome Beyond In-Treatment Change in Symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 1027-1032. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1027. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioural therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17-31. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003. Claiborn, C. D., Goodyear, R. K., Horner, P. A. (2001). Feedback. Psychotherapy:Theroy, Research. Practise, Training, 38(4), 401-405. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.401. Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., Sparks, J. A. (2004). The Heroic Client. A revolutionary way to improve effectiveness through client-directed, outcome informed therapy. Sanfrancisco, California: John Wiley Sons. Duncan, B. L., Moynihan, D. W. (1994). Applying Outcome Research: Intentional Utilization Of The Clients Frame Of Reference. Psychotherapy, 31(2), 294-301. doi: 10.1037/h0090215. Johnson, L., Brown, J., Anker, M. Becoming Outcome Informed. In Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., Sparks, J. A. (2004). The Heroic Client. A revolutionary way to improve effectiveness through client-directed, outcome informed therapy (pp. 81-118). Sanfrancisco, California: John Wiley Sons. Klee, M. R., Abeles, N., Muller, R. T. (1990). Therapeutic Alliance: Early Indicators, Course and Outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practise, Training, 27(2), 166-174. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.27.2.166. Krupnick, J. L., Sotcky, S. M., Simmens, S., Moyer, J., Elkin, I., Watkins, J., Pilkonis, P. A. (1996). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome: Findings in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology,64(3), 532-539. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.532. Lambert, M. J., Shimokawa, K. (2011). Collecting client feedback. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 72-79. doi:10.1037/a0022238. Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., Davis, M. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 438-450. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438. Meier, P. S., Barrowclough, C., Donmall, M. C. (2005). The role of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of substance misuse: a critical review of the literature. Addiction, 100(3), 304-316. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00935.x Miller, S. D., Duncan, B. L., Sorrell, R., Brown, G. S. (2004). The Partners for Change Outcome Management System. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 199-208. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20111. Mozdzierz, G. J., Peluso, P. R., Lisieki, J. (2011). Evidence-Based Psychological Practices and Therapist Training: At the Crossroads. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51(4), 439-464. doi:10.1177/0022167810386959. Norcross, J. C., Wampold, B. E. (2010). What Works for Whom: Tailoring Psychotherapy to the Person. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 127-132. doi. 10.1002/jclp.20764. Norcross, J. C., Wampold, B. E. (2011). Evidence based therapy relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 98-102. doi: 1037/a0022161. Shaw, S. W. (2014). Monitoring Alliance and Outcome with Client Feedback Measures. Journal of Mental Health Counselling,36(1), 43-57. Tollin, D. F. (2010). Is cognitive-behavioural therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 710-720. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.003.

The Definition of Insanity as it Relates to Criminal Offences :: Criminal Justice

The insanity defense is a defense asserted by an accused in a criminal prosecution to avoid liability for the commission of a crime because, at the time of the crime, the person did not appreciate the nature or quality or wrongfulness of the acts. The insanity defense is used by criminal defendants. The most common variation is cognitive insanity. Under the test for cognitive insanity, a defendant must have been so impaired by a mental disease or defect at the time of the act that he or she did not know the nature or quality of the act, or, if the defendant did know the nature or quality of the act, he or she did not know that the act was wrong. The vast majority of states allow criminal defendants to invoke the cognitive insanity defense. Another form of the insanity defense is volitional insanity, or Irresistible Impulse. A defense of irresistible impulse asserts that the defendant, although able to distinguish right from wrong at the time of the act, suffered from a mental disease or defect that made him or her incapable of controlling her or his actions. This defense is common in crimes of vengeance. For example, suppose that a child has been brutally assaulted. If an otherwise conscientious and law-abiding mother shoots the perpetrator, the mother may argue that she was so enraged that she became mentally ill and incapable of exerting self-control. Very few states allow the volitional insanity defense. The insanity defense should not be confused with Incompetency. Persons who are incompetent to stand trial are held in a mental institution until they are considered capable of participating in the proceedings.The insanity defense also should be kept separate from issues concerning mental retardation. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2002 in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242, 153 L. Ed. 2d 335 (2002) that the execution of mentally retarded criminals constituted "cruel and unusual punishment" and that it was prohibited by Eighth Amendment. But if a person is acquitted by reason of insanity, execution is not an option. The insanity defense reflects the generally accepted notion that persons who cannot appreciate the consequences of their actions should not be punished for criminal acts. Most states regulate the defense with statutes, but a few states allow the courts to craft the rules for its proper use. Generally, the defense is available to a criminal defendant if the judge instructs the jury that it may consider whether the defendant was insane when the crime was committed.

Justice in Oedipus the King :: Oedipus Rex Essays

Justice in Oedipus the King After reading Oedipus the King, one may think that in this story, there was no justice, and nobody could avoid their fate. King Laius and Queen Jocasta, fearing the prophecy of the Delphic oracle, had the young Oedipus left on Mount Cithaeron to die, but the father dies and the son marries the mother anyway. Oedipus, seemingly a good person, also tries to avoid the second prophecy, only to fulfill the first. But even through all this, I have done some research and feel that there was justice in Oedipus, The King, and their fate wasn't completely sealed. First, the murder of King Laius. Laius seemed to die a unwarranted death, but he was not necessarily in complete innocence, for he had done some malicious things earlier in his life, such as the attempted murder of his son, Oedipus, and the kidnapping and rape of Chrysippus, a young man Laius fell in love with before Jocasta. And Oedipus wasn't as guilty under ancient Greek law as he is under our modern laws. It was every Greek's duty to harm his/her enemies, and as far as Oedipus knew, King Laius was an enemy. Queen Jocasta wasn't exactly guiltless, either. The great Queen had also tried with King Laius to kill their son, and had no respect for the prophecies of Apollo: "A prophet? Listen to me and learn some peace of mind: no skill in the world, nothing human can penetrate the future." She was also the other half of a mother-son marriage. Greek law considered the act, not the motive - meaning that even though she nor Oedipus knew they were related, they committed the crime. Finally, Oedipus's guilt. In some ways, Oedipus was the most guilty of them all. Consider his 'hubris'. He regarded himself as almost a god, assuming that since he alone had solved the sphinx's riddle, he was the one of the gods' favorites. He was very quick to judge, and judged on the most flimsy of evidence. He calls on Tiresias to tell him what he should do, and when he doesn't like what he hears, Oedipus says, "Your words are nothing - futile", and

Adaptation of W.S. Maugham’s novel The painted veil Essay

Shortly after meeting earnest, socially awkward bacteriologist Walter Fane at a party, vivacious, vain, and vacuous London socialite Kitty Garstin enters into a loveless marriage with him at the urging of her domineering mother. Following a honeymoon in Venice, the couple go to Shanghai, where the doctor is stationed in a government lab studying infectious diseases. Kitty meets Charles Townsend, a married British vice consul, and the two engage in a clandestine affair. When Walter discovers his wife’s infidelity, he seeks to punish her by threatening to divorce her on the grounds of adultery if she doesn’t accompany him to a small village in a remote area of China, where he has volunteered to treat victims of an unchecked cholera epidemic sweeping through the area. Kitty begs to be allowed to divorce him quietly and he agrees, provided Townsend will leave his wife Dorothy and marry her. When she proposes this possibility to her lover, he declines to accept, and she is c ompelled to travel to the mountainous inland region with her husband. They embark upon an arduous, two-week-long overland journey that would be considerably faster and much easier if they traveled by river, Upon their arrival in Mei-tan-fu, she is distressed to discover they will be living in near squalor, far removed from everyone except their cheerful neighbor Waddington, a British deputy commissioner living with a young Chinese woman in relative opulence. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay Walter and Kitty barely speak to each other and, except for a cook and a Chinese soldier assigned to guard her, she is alone for long hours. After visiting an orphanage run by a group of French nuns, Kitty volunteers her services, and she is assigned to work in the music room. She is surprised to learn from the Mother Superior that her husband loves children, and in this setting she begins to see him in a new light as she learns what a selfless and caring person he can be. When he sees her with the children, he in turn realizes she is not the shallow, selfish person he thought her to be. As Walter’s anger and Kitty’s unhappiness subside, their marriage begins to blossom. She soon learns she is pregnant, but is unsure who the father is. Walter – in love with Kitty again – assures her it doesn’t matter. Just as the local cholera problem is coming under control, ailing refugees from elsewhere pour into the area, forcing Walter to set up a camp outside town. He contracts the disease and Kitty nurses him, but he dies, devastating her. Five years later, while shopping with her young son Walter in London, Kitty meets Townsend by chance on the street. He suggests the two get together and asks young Walter his age, realising from the reply that he could be Walter’s father. Kitty, however, rejects his overtures and walks away. When her son asks who Townsend is, she replies â€Å"No one important†. Awards and honors Composer Alexandre Desplat won the 2006 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score Desplat also won an award for Best Original Score from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association for both The Painted Veil and The Queen (2006). Edward Norton was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead but lost to Ryan Gosling in Half Nelson. The San Diego Film Critics Society honored him for his work in this and The Illusionist and Down in the Valley. The London Film Critics’ Circle nominated Toby Jones Best British Supporting Actor of the Year. ***Questions for discussion: 1. Give the description of the main heroin Kitty paying attention to her inner changes during the story film. Kitty Fane is a beautiful young woman. Kitty is charming and socially adept, but vacuous. She is vivacious, vain, spoiled and selfish. She doesn’t love her husband Walter, she considers him a boring, uncheerful, too serious and unthoughtful man. With him Kitty is unhappy. But during the film we can see how the main heroin changes. She learns from the Mother Superior that her husband loves children. And she begins to see him in a new light. She learns, that other people in Mei-tan-fu consider him a selfless and caring person. He is very kind. He is devoted to his work. He takes a great care of his patients. And Kitty understands, that she didn’t notice the good qualities of his husband. Kitty learns to respect her husband. She falls in love with her husband. She is selfish no more. She is very attentive to her husband, because she understands, that she has made a mistake. She takes care of orphans and she likes it. Kitty loves her husband and is happy now. 2. Express your attitude to Walter’s reaction. (to treachery) Was it quite usual or was it a bit unexpectedly? Why did he prefer to behave in this very way? Such a reaction is unusual and unexpected. Perhaps he prefers to behave in this way, because he wants to show Kitty, that he is no fool. He wants to teach her a lesson. He wants she gets rid of her selfishness and vanity. He wants she answer for her mistakes. 3. And what can you say about Charles Townsend? Is it typical of men to behave in such a way when they feel that something threatens their life or carrier? Are men such cowards indeed? I think that it is typical of many men to behave in such a way when they feel that something threatens their life or carrier. They don’t want to be responsible for their acts. Charles Townsend likes to have a good time with a beautiful woman. But when Kitty says him, that she loves him und wants to be married, he is very frightened of this. Because it can spoil his carrier. I think there a lot of such men in our world. And there are very few men, that are responsible for their acts and behave in an proper manner. That’s why Maugham shows us a typical character. 4. How can you interpret the title of the novel film? What did Maugham want to tell us using this title? (Ð  Ã °Ã ·Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ²Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã »Ã'Å', Ð £Ã ·Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²). At a wedding, a veil is usually white, representing the innocence of the person wearing it. White is pure and has not yet been violated. In the film the veil is painted, which means that it is not an innocent veil the characters are wearing. Maugham used this concept to show how all of society and the people living in it are tainted. 5. The end of the story seems to be rather vivid & emotional. The meeting of two old acquaintances is rather cold full of contempt at least from Kitty’s direction. What are your emotions? Do you feel sorry for Charles or do you despise him as Kitty? Explain. The end of the film is very emotional, but I don’t feel sorry for Charles. I feel contempt to him as Kitty. And he has only himself to blame for this. He was frightened to marry her. He didn’t want to marry her. He was afraid to spoil his career. He left her and didn’t think of her all these years. He behaved as a coward. And he deserves such an attitude.

Not sure if this is good or not

The novel ‘Runner' shows us how much Charlie cares about the people in his life. Discuss In the novel ‘Runner' written by Robert Newton, we see that Charlie has a very caring nature, and will do almost anything for the people who are important to him. Charlie generally is always willing to do anything for those he cares for, as an example, even though he does go against his Ma's will and starts to works for Squishy, he does it so he can achieve a better life for his family, to give Ma and Jack a nicer way of living.Charlie really cares about the Redmond and after he makes a lot of money when e wins the Ballard mile running race he shares it with them. He offers as much of his winnings as Mr. Redmond wants to take, so that he is financially better off. Charlie really means it because when he was talking to Mr. Redmond after he had won the race, ‘It anti Just the running', Mr. Redmond. Yea done so much fear us, I don't know where we'd be without yea. The reason he sai d that is because The Redmond had given so much to the Foeman family, and were always willing to help them out, Charlie offers the money, because he feels like it is an appropriate gesture to show his appreciation. This proves Charlie cares about the Redmond, as much as they care about him. Charlie and Nostrils' are on a liquor run when the cross Barlow and his mates, Barlow soon begins to beat Nostrils', and Charlie runs away to safety.Charlie wants to help his friend out, but he felt paralyses, like he couldn't physically move because he was so afraid, and ashamed of leaving him there by himself. He said ‘Far worse than fear, it was shame that paralyses me. ‘ Because Charlie cares for Nostrils so much, he is upset and regretting his decision of leaving Nostrils to fight for himself. The regret e has shows that he does truly care about Nostrils because it is shown how bad he feels for the mistake he made.When Charlie goes to the bakery that Alice works at and her father owns, to collect the taxes, he sees that there are Just people in the same situation he and his family in. When they can't afford to pay, Charlie decides he will because he knows what it is like to struggle. ‘The two words kept repeating themselves. ‘Something good'†¦ ‘Something good† Charlie pays the three pounds the Cornball's owe from his own pocket because he knew what it was like to be desperate, and it was the best thing he loud do for people in a needy situation.It shows that Charlie is caring, because he was doing something so kind for people he barely knew, but he understood their situation, and could tell it was the right thing to do. Charlie is a truly caring person, who was consistently kind and loyal to those who were important to him. It is shown that he did almost anything to be caring towards others, but when he was in a situation where he has afraid, he froze. Charlie went to great lengths to fix what he had done wrong, and did not stop until he felt like he had fully achieved that.

How Important Is Prince Henry (Prince Hal) in Henry IV-Part 1? Essay

In the play Henry IV part 1, we see that Prince Henry (Prince Hal) plays an important part in the whole plot. We see that he is the focal point of the plays main themes. Prince Hal spent almost all of his time in the tavern with Sir John Falstaff, his best friend. In act 2 scene 4, Prince Hal has an interesting conversation with Falstaff. At first, the conversation begins with a little light-hearted humour when Sir John plays the King interviewing the Prince and Prince Hal plays as himself. Falstaff, playing the King, starts the conversation by saying, â€Å"Peace, good pint-pot, peace† to me as a reader this seemed quite funny in the sense that a ‘King of England’ would address his son, the prince a pint-pot. Falstaff then said, while still playing the King, â€Å"I do not only marvel where thou spendest thy time, but also how thou art accompanied.† He later went on to say, â€Å"And yet there is a virtuous man whom I have often noted in thy company, but I know not his name.† Really all this time Falstaff was asking Prince Hal about himself. Knowing this Prince Hal asked the ‘king’ â€Å"what manner of man, and it like your majesty? By this time, Falstaff had most probably thought of enough words to praise himself and so replied, â€Å"A goodly portly man, I’ faith, and a corpulent; of a cheerful look, a pleasing eye, and a most noble carriage.† What he meant by this was that he was a very dignified man with a good figure and that he had a noble behaviour. Prince Hal now decided that it was time for him to play King and for Falstaff to play Prince but Falstaff thought otherwise; he replied, â€Å"Dispose me? If thou dost it Prince Half so gravely, so majestically, both in word and matter, hang me up by the heels for a rabbit-sucker, or a poulter’s hare.† This meant that Falstaff felt quite offended by Prince Hal suggesting such a thing. Prince Hal had another idea, instead of praising Falstaff; Prince Hal thought it would be amusing to disgrace him. Prince Hal spoke out as the King, â€Å"Thou art violently carried away from grace. There is a devil haunts thee in the likeness of an old fat man.† This to Falstaff would seem almost as an insult and for his defence replies, â€Å"But to say I know more harm in him than in myself were to say more than I know. That he is old, the more the pity.† Falstaff felt as though he had been insulted but still tried to make it sound as though he were still joking. For Prince Hal the major turning point in his life was when he went to have an interview with his father the King. This meeting not only showed Prince Hal how disappointed his father was, but also showed him how wrong he had been up to now. As soon as he realised this he asked for forgiveness from his father, he did this by s aying, â€Å"Find pardon on my true submission.† His father replied, â€Å"God pardon thee!† The most important part of Prince Hal’s reformation was when he decided to ride into battle alongside his father Henry IV. Hotspur (Harry Percy) had led a rebellion and wanted to overthrow Henry IV so his son Prince Hal promised that he himself would fight Hotspur to the end. Before the battle had begun Vernon, Hotspurs cousin came to Hotspur and described how great Prince Hal looked. He said, â€Å"All furnish’d, all in arms; all plum’d like estridges that with the wind bated, like eagles having lately bath’d; Glittering in golden coats like images; As full of spirit as the month of May, And gorgeous as the sun at midsummer.† Hotspur could not take this anymore and was just lost for words when he heard his own cousin, a rebel fighter saying such brilliant words about someone he was just about to fight. The final battle between Prince Hal and Hotspur was the grand finale of the completion of Prince Hal’s reformation. Hotspur however mocks Prince Hal a little and boasts about himself as well. Hotspur does this by saying, â€Å"Harry, for the hour is come to end the one of us; and would to God thy name in arms were now as great as mine!† To Hal this would have been enough to push him and fight Hotspur. Throughout the play Henry IV, Shakespeare used different devices of language. To distinguish the dignified people he used blank verse. We see an example of this whenever the king speaks for instance when the King speaks to his eldest son Hal, â€Å"I no not whether God will have it so.† Another device which Shakespeare uses is imagery, there is a good example of this is when Worcester (his uncle) speaks to Hotspur and Northumberland (his father) when they plan to hold the rebellion. â€Å"As full of peril and adventurous spirit as to o’er-walk a current roaring loud on the unsteadfast footing of a spear.† To a reader these words would give them the image of a roaring river with a spear as a bridge on which to cross over. Another device, which is used in the play, is dramatic irony. We see this when the prince is alone in his apartment and thinking aloud to himself about his reformation and how he will amaze everyone when he does so. In the play, many characters speak about Prince Hal. Falstaff his best friend sometimes addresses him as ‘mad wag’ or ‘the most comparative, rascalliest, sweet young Prince.’ All these names that Falstaff called him were all meant as a joke and never said seriously. Hotspur, Hal’s rival to the throne of England said many things about him, some of which are ‘The madcap Prince of Wales’ and when they finally met at the battlefield, he mocked Hal by saying that he wished that Hal was as great a fighter as he was. The King also said that he would rather have Hotspur as his son and his next heir to the throne than Hal, â€Å"He hath more worthy interest to the state than thou the shadow of succession.† Throughout the play, no one described Prince Hal as greatly as Vernon (Hotspurs cousin). He described Prince Hal to Hotspur so magnificently that Hotspur even told him to stop talking because he could not hear Prince Hal’s praises anymore. Hal was described by Vernon, â€Å"All furnish’d, all in arms; all plum’d like estridges that with the wind bated, like eagles having lately bath’d; Glittering in golden coats like images; As full of spirit as the month of May, And gorgeous as the sun at midsummer. Wanton as youthful goats, wild as young bulls, I saw young Harry with his beaver on, his cushes on his thighs, gallantly arm’d, rise from the ground like feather’d Mercury, and vaulted with such ease into his seat as if an angel dropp’d down from the clouds to turn and wind a fiery Pegasus, and witch the world with noble horsemanship.† As this came from a rebel fighter, this emphasised the fact that the impact that Prince Hal had on everybody was astounding. My conclusion is that Prince Henry (Hal) plays an important role in the play because he manages to have an affect on everyone and everyone seems to be effected by him. Prince Hal is also the next heir to the throne in succession of his father Henry IV so he therefore is an important person and he has to uphold certain responsibilities and cannot let people like Falstaff sway him in the wrong direction.